Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
According to paragraph 1, algorithmic systems are considered as important as automation in shaping the future workforce because ________.
they can perform a wide range of tasks in all sectors with increasing levels of accuracy and consistency.
they mainly affect manual labour rather than knowledge-based occupations.
they reduce the need for workers to adapt their skills in response to technological change.
they are integrated into digital systems and can perform tasks that previously required human judgement.
Đoạn văn khẳng định algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures quan trọng tương đương với automation.
Các hệ thống này định hình những vai trò dựa trên dữ liệu trong nền kinh tế tri thức.
Algorithms can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, như phân tích tài liệu, diễn giải dữ liệu phức tạp và tạo thông tin chiến lược.
Ý này tương ứng với việc chúng được tích hợp vào hệ thống số và thực hiện nhiệm vụ trước đây cần phán đoán của con người.
Chọn D. A sai vì bài không nói chúng hoạt động trong tất cả lĩnh vực hay nhấn mạnh tính thống nhất; B sai vì ảnh hưởng nổi bật ở nền kinh tế tri thức, không phải chủ yếu lao động tay chân; C sai vì người lao động vẫn phải cập nhật kỹ năng trước thay đổi công nghệ.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
Which of the following is NOT stated as an example of tasks that algorithmic systems can perform in the knowledge economy?
clarifying sophisticated statistics
conducting face-to-face negotiations
examining written materials
formulating strategic recommendations
Đoạn văn nêu các tác vụ: analysing documents, interpreting complex data và generating strategic insights.
C, A, D lần lượt tương ứng với examining written materials, clarifying sophisticated statistics và formulating strategic recommendations; B sai vì đoạn văn không nêu conducting face-to-face negotiations.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
The phrase “such systems” in paragraph 2, refers to ________.
traditional training methods based on observation and experience.
decision-making processes based on human judgement.
communication tools used by workers in organisations.
algorithmic systems used in digital environments to support work tasks.
Ngay trước “such systems”, bài đọc nhắc đến “algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures”.
Cụm này chỉ các hệ thống thuật toán được xây dựng trong môi trường số.
Ngữ cảnh cho biết các hệ thống này có thể phân tích tài liệu, diễn giải dữ liệu phức tạp và tạo nhận định chiến lược.
Đó là các nhiệm vụ công việc được hệ thống thuật toán hỗ trợ.
Chọn D vì diễn đạt đúng các hệ thống thuật toán dùng trong môi trường số để hỗ trợ công việc; A, B và C lần lượt nói về phương pháp đào tạo truyền thống, phán đoán của con người và công cụ giao tiếp, không phải đối tượng được thay thế.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
What happens when performance figures are deliberately adjusted to meet evaluation standards?
It improves data accuracy and strengthens overall trust within algorithm-based management systems.
It standardises evaluation procedures and ensures consistency within algorithm-based management systems.
It supports managerial decisions and enhances efficiency within algorithm-based management systems.
It exposes hidden consequences and raises ethical concerns within algorithm-based management systems.
Cụm "data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics" chỉ việc cố ý chỉnh sửa hoặc thao túng dữ liệu để đáp ứng chỉ số đánh giá.
Bài đọc nêu hành động này làm nổi rõ "unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities" trong hệ thống quản lí bằng thuật toán.
Chọn D vì phù hợp với việc phơi bày những hậu quả ẩn và làm nảy sinh lo ngại đạo đức.
A, B, C sai vì lần lượt nói đến tăng độ chính xác và niềm tin, chuẩn hoá đánh giá, hoặc nâng cao hiệu quả quản lí; bài đọc không khẳng định các ý này.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?
While organisations adopt algorithmic systems to enhance performance, they continue to rely on traditional training methods to ensure workers gain necessary expertise.
Algorithmic systems mainly benefit organisations by lowering costs and improving decision-making while having only a limited impact on how workers develop their skills.
While algorithmic systems improve efficiency and reduce costs, they also challenge traditional skill development and require new approaches to professional training.
As algorithmic systems replace routine tasks, workers no longer need traditional forms of training and can rely on technology to develop advanced skills.
Đoạn 2 nêu lợi ích: tối ưu hiệu quả, giảm chi phí và hỗ trợ quyết định khách quan.
Đồng thời, hệ thống thuật toán gây thách thức cho phát triển nghề nghiệp, làm suy yếu đào tạo truyền thống và đòi hỏi cách đào tạo mới.
Chọn C vì bao quát đủ hai mặt: hệ thống thuật toán nâng cao hiệu quả, giảm chi phí nhưng gây khó khăn cho phát triển kỹ năng truyền thống và cần phương pháp đào tạo mới.
A, B, D sai vì lần lượt cho rằng đào tạo truyền thống vẫn được duy trì, tác động đến kỹ năng chỉ hạn chế, hoặc người lao động không còn cần đào tạo truyền thống.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
The word “embedded” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:
artificially created
temporarily hidden
loosely connected
deeply integrated
Đây là câu hỏi từ vựng, yêu cầu tìm nghĩa gần nhất của “embedded”.
Cụm “embedded in these systems” cho thấy kiến thức quan trọng nằm sâu hoặc được tích hợp trong các hệ thống thuật toán.
Hệ quả “workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs” cho thấy sự tích hợp chặt chẽ, không chỉ liên quan nhẹ.
Chọn D. deeply integrated. A sai vì là “được tạo ra nhân tạo”; B sai vì không mang nghĩa “ẩn tạm thời”; C sai vì “liên kết lỏng lẻo” trái với mức độ phụ thuộc mạnh trong ngữ cảnh.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
Which of the following can be logically inferred from the passage?
The widespread adoption of algorithmic systems will eliminate the necessity for human judgement in most fields.
Workers should rely entirely on algorithmic outputs to foster their own creative thinking and innovation in the workplace.
Algorithmic management ensures that employees are empowered to make more flexible, independent decisions at work.
Conventional ways to build expertise may gradually erode as automation takes over routine cognitive tasks.
Câu hỏi yêu cầu tìm ý có thể suy ra trực tiếp từ các thông tin trong bài, không suy đoán vượt văn bản.
Bài viết nêu: "Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken".
Nguyên nhân được nêu ngay sau đó là "routine cognitive tasks become automated".
D đúng vì diễn đạt lại mối liên hệ trên; A sai vì bài không nói thuật toán loại bỏ phán đoán con người trong hầu hết lĩnh vực, B sai vì phụ thuộc quá mức có thể hạn chế sáng tạo, còn C sai vì thuật toán kiểm soát tương tác thay vì trao quyền quyết định độc lập.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?
Employment outcomes are mainly determined by technological progress rather than by policy or institutional influence.
Policies and institutions have a greater impact on employment outcomes than technological innovation does.
Employment results are shaped by both technological developments and the policies and institutions that regulate them.
Technological change affects employment only when supported by strong institutional and policy frameworks.
Câu gốc khẳng định kết quả việc làm không chỉ chịu ảnh hưởng bởi công nghệ mà còn bởi chính sách và các quyết định thể chế.
Phương án C giữ đúng hai vế: employment results tương đương employment outcomes; technological developments tương đương technology; policies and institutions tương đương policies and institutional decisions.
Chọn C vì nêu đầy đủ cả công nghệ lẫn chính sách, thể chế. A, B và D lần lượt cho rằng một yếu tố quan trọng hơn, hoặc biến chính sách và thể chế thành điều kiện duy nhất.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?
“Instead of inevitably causing widespread unemployment, technological innovation may encourage the creation of new types of jobs as well as the transformation of the existing ones.”
[I]
[III]
[IV]
[II]
Câu chèn nói về đổi mới công nghệ, việc tạo ra loại việc làm mới và biến đổi công việc hiện có.
Trước [I] đề cập việc chuyển sang nghề mới và cập nhật kỹ năng. Sau [I], “This” quy chiếu sự chuyển đổi đó và dẫn vào ví dụ trong nền kinh tế tri thức.
Chọn A vì [I] nối tốt nhất tác động công nghệ đến nghề nghiệp với câu sau. B, C, D sai vì lần lượt làm lệch mạch quản lý thuật toán, chuyển sang mẫu hình nghề nghiệp, hoặc nối không trực tiếp với vấn đề đào tạo.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. [I]. This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgment, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.
While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. [II]
Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgment that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. [III]. Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.
Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. [IV]. This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)
Which of the following best summarises the passage?
The increasing use of algorithmic systems is transforming work structures, skill development, and career patterns, requiring both adaptation and policy responses.
The rapid development of automation technologies is improving efficiency in workplaces while gradually reducing the need for human involvement in most tasks.
The shift towards digital systems is changing organisational practices, although traditional career paths and training methods remain largely unchanged.
The future of employment is largely determined by technological innovation, with limited influence from education systems or government policies.
Bài nêu lực lượng lao động có thể chuyển sang nghề mới và phải cập nhật kỹ năng do thay đổi công nghệ.
Trọng tâm không chỉ là tự động hóa mà còn là các hệ thống thuật toán trong hạ tầng số.
Các đoạn sau trình bày thách thức đối với đào tạo, tác động của quản lý bằng thuật toán đến cấu trúc công việc, cùng nguy cơ giảm sáng tạo và vấn đề đạo đức.
Phần cuối khẳng định nghề nghiệp sẽ linh hoạt, cần đào tạo lại liên tục; chính sách và quyết định thể chế cũng góp phần hỗ trợ người lao động.
Chọn A vì bao quát sự biến đổi về cấu trúc công việc, phát triển kỹ năng, lộ trình nghề nghiệp và nhu cầu thích ứng, chính sách hỗ trợ; B quá hẹp, C trái nội dung, còn D bỏ qua vai trò của giáo dục và chính sách.
| Câu | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Đáp án | D | B | D | D | C | D | D | C | A | A |
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